The origins of christian military orders in middle ages

This thesis has made an investigation on the origin of Christian military orders in the middle ages. It also paid some attention to the transform of the judgement that the church held for those military orders. First of all, it described the big background for those military orders: crusade, and mentioned the origins of several main military orders. Secondly, it analysed the transform of the judgement of the church according the emergence of the military orders. During this time, the church altered its attitude about the war and the military stratum and admitted the military orders. Thirdly, it tried to seek the origin of the military orders from an angle of the traditional Christianity, including the influence the traditional orders made on them and the military factors in Bible. Finally, it evaluated the emergence of the Christian military orders in the middle ages. It considered the military orders seemed to be completely new things in the surface, but they adopted the rulers of the traditional orders. The military factors came from the military tradition of Christianity. Pushed by the crusade, the concept of 'just war' has developed into 'holy war'. The admission and support of the church reflected the transform of its judgement on these new orders.

Alternate abstract:

本文对中世纪军事修道团体的起源以及教会在此问题上看法的转变进行了研究和探讨，希望能以此文促进我国史学界对中世纪基督教会及基督教修道团体的认识。 本文分为五部分：绪论部分介绍了本文选题的意义及研究动态；第二部分记叙了军事修道团体兴起的大背景－－十字军东征，并着重叙述了中世纪几大主要基督教军事修道团体的兴起过程；第三部分从军事修道团体的兴起分析了教会观念的改变，包括教会对战争及军事阶层的看法的转变以及教会对军事修道团体的承认；第四部分则试图从传统基督教剖析军事修道团体的起始原因，包括传统修道组织对军事修道团体的影响及《圣经》中存在的军事因素；结论部分评析了中世纪基督教军事修道团体的兴起。 本文认为，虽然从表面看来，军事修道团体在中世纪是全新的事物，但他们采用的是传统基督教修道团体的修道条例，它其中的军事因素实际上是基督教军事传统的再复活，并不是来源于伊斯兰教。其背景是在十字军东征的推动下，基督教中业已出现的公义战争的概念逐渐演化为圣战。教会对于他们的承认以及支持同样也体现了教会观念的转变。