Research on the Rural Land Use in China based on Jing-Jin-Ji Cooperative Development Background

Abstract

By Beijing Tianjin and the national economic structure in three industries accounted for than the comparative analysis found that Beijing Second Industry in GDP accounted for than has been far lower than the proportion of the tertiary industry, and continued to decline, the transfer of industries in Beijing economic growth have little effect, can be sorted out more living space, the construction of land resources, the development of Beijing to provide space for the protection. Beijing, Tianjin and three in the stage of development is not synchronous, Beijing has taken the lead towards post industrial society, economic development is not dependent development of the traditional industry driven, to high technology industries and services Tianjin is in a later stage of industrialization, and Hebei is in the mid industrialization, therefore, the Beijing Tianjin Hebei coordinated development of grand layout in industrial development more focus in the transfer of industrial projects in the part of the capital city of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, according to their own competitiveness and resources undertake reasonable industrial projects, industrial land layout project more scientific and accurate. 2. Beijing Tianjin Hebei region including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, and the region is located in the North China Plain is an important hub of China's economy from east to West spread over the, gathered plenty of labor, scientific research institutions, large consumer market and perfect infrastructure, with the rapid development of regional economy in Beijing Tianjin Hebei and Tianjin was determined to be the economic center in the north, and special...

Headnote

Abstract: Land use is a kind of social economic behavior of human society, it not only depends on the difference of natural conditions, but also caused by the difference of economic and social development. In this paper, the author research on the rural land use in China based on Jing-Jin-Ji cooperative development. Promoting coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei is an important practice to promote the new model of inter-regional economic cooperation. At the same time, we pointed out some problem of land use in rural areas, as unreasonable land development, lack of overall planning and incomplete function. On this basis, we put forward relevant policy recommendations.

Keywords: Rural Land Use, Cooperative development, Collective land, Construction planning

1. Introduction

Land is the human survival; reasonable allocation of land resources in rural areas plays a very important role in new rural construction, especially in recent years. With the extensive development of the new rural construction, rural settlements scattered layout, land use rate is inferior land use increasingly prominent has become a major bottleneck to hinder the development of the new rural construction. It is an urgent task to study and explore the optimal allocation of non-agricultural construction land in the process of new rural construction in China. Rural land optimal allocation is rural social and economic development to a certain stage, land use from extensive to intensive changes in the objective requirements, but also to achieve rural urbanization, strengthen the inevitable choice of the rural economy and the development of modern rural community. This paper taking the Jingjinji area as the research object, to set the intensive development as the guiding ideology, aims to propose Province in different regions, the different geographical environment background under reasonable and optimized, intensive land use patterns, to Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei rural land rational utilization and put forward some policy suggestions.

Beijing, Tianjin collaborative development in geographic location, natural environment, economic scale, scientific and technological innovation, labor resources and other fields have a good advantage. Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei regional economic planning always walk to stop, little practical effect, the current level of cooperation and efforts far behind in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta region. Beijing Tianjin Hebei collaborative development is the starting point of Beijing functionality and ease of non core functions of the capital transfer, leveraging the development of Tianjin and hebei8. By Beijing Tianjin and the national economic structure in three industries accounted for than the comparative analysis found that Beijing Second Industry in GDP accounted for than has been far lower than the proportion of the tertiary industry, and continued to decline, the transfer of industries in Beijing economic growth have little effect, can be sorted out more living space, the construction of land resources, the development of Beijing to provide space for the protection. Beijing, Tianjin and three in the stage of development is not synchronous, Beijing has taken the lead towards post industrial society, economic development is not dependent development of the traditional industry driven, to high technology industries and services Tianjin is in a later stage of industrialization, and Hebei is in the mid industrialization, therefore, the Beijing Tianjin Hebei coordinated development of grand layout in industrial development more focus in the transfer of industrial projects in the part of the capital city of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, according to their own competitiveness and resources undertake reasonable industrial projects, industrial land layout project more scientific and accurate.

2. Integrated development of Jing-Jin-Ji

2.1. Natural economic situation

Integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei "and" Beijing, Tianjin and coordinated development "of the inevitable truth, both have three administrative location of the indivisible unity of humanity, history, and the complementarity of economic development in production and consumption. Jingjinji region "concept generally refers to the sum of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei Province three administrative region including the, land total area 21.69 * 104km2, cut-offresident population is 1.09 billion, the gross domestic product (GDP) reached 6.22 trillion, general revenue total 8033 billion yuan. Beijing Tianjin Hebei region including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, and the region is located in the North China Plain is an important hub of China's economy from east to West spread over the, gathered plenty of labor, scientific research institutions, large consumer market and perfect infrastructure, with the rapid development of regional economy in Beijing Tianjin Hebei and Tianjin was determined to be the economic center in the north, and special geographical location is more and more by concern at home and abroad. Therefore, to promote the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin and is not only the need of their own development, but also the transformation and upgrading of China's industrial structure, a test field.

At present, Bohai area is following the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta become a new growth pole of Beijing Tianjin Hebei is the core area of the Bohai, Tianjin joint development as a national strategy, the development of Beijing has gradually changed from the siphon effect on the surrounding elements of spillover radiation, the central government will strengthen top-level design, national ministries Beijing is studying relevant policies, functions and ease the transfer of industries have started, this is an important node of Beijing itself toward the sustainable development of higher value, but also to promote Tianjin, Hebei industry competitiveness influence is all-round and profound, is facing the Bohai Sea region's largest and most valuable and most practical the opportunity. In Beijing, Tianjin collaborative development, Hebei is the most obvious short board, the per capita total amount of small, low level of structure, the development of poor quality, but also the biggest beneficiaries. Promote the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin, is to promote the important practice of the new mode of cross administrative regional economic cooperation, not only to establish a Chinese characteristic urban agglomeration model, build the transformation and upgrading of a model, and explore a new way for regional cooperation system and mechanism innovation, and can better to our Province vast hinterland, strong industrial base and the Beijing Tianjin strong scientific and technological innovation ability combine to achieve complementary advantages, in collaborative development of the change situation and the fall of Beijing and Tianjin, together to form a ring of the capital economic circle new growth pole.

2.2. Collaborative development

The coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin, the name in history experienced many changes, including "the Bohai economic circle", "Beijing, Tianjin city group", "Beijing Tianjin Hebei Economic Circle" and "the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and coordinated development" stage, interaction between the country more and more frequent, in order to promote the Beijing, Tianjin and strengthen regional cooperation, through communication and coordination made remarkable achievements, in a number of areas to expand the cooperation.

Intergovernmental strategic consensus: 2004 held in Langfang, Beijing, Tianjin and government departments to form a cooperative conference, the parties formed a "Langfang consensus" launched the "Beijing Tianjin Hebei metropolitan area planning" research and preparation work. 2006 Beijing and Hebei Province is traffic infrastructure construction, water resources and ecological environment protection, energy development, tourism, agriculture and other nine aspects to cooperate, formally signed the "strengthening the economic and social development of a memorandum of cooperation". In 2008, Tianjin, Hebei, the two governments signed a memorandum of cooperation, the two sides to jointly promote the Binhai New Area and Caofeidian new area and the Bohai new area development and construction, speed up the transfer of industry and docking and other many aspects in consensus. In March 2013, government put forward state council on resolving contradictions of severe overcapacity guidance.

Infrastructure construction: Due to the special geographical position, three of Tianjin has launched a cooperation in railway, highway, intercity trains, airport construction and many other fields of infrastructure construction, the Beijing Tianjin Intercity Railway traffic has greatly reduced the time distance between Beijing and Tianjin, personnel exchanges and economic exchanges become more convenient and rapid development of economy of two municipalities the "accelerator"; 3 Beijing subway extension line through Hebei, after the completion of the construction of Beijing city circle, in Beijing and Hebei daily personnel work and leisure shopping, tourism and other passenger use of rail transportation; Beijing new airport construction site reflects Beijing and Hebei in airport construction cooperation, after the completion of the Airport will cover the Daxing and Langfang region, Hebei Province, won the exchange with foreign people, more passengers in the space, the opportunity to enhance their own influence.

Industry transfer results: Beijing Tianjin Hebei region and to undertake industrial transfer in cooperation for a long time, Hebei Gu'an, Baoding and Beijing hand in hand to build Zhongguancun demonstration Industrial Park, technological innovation incubator to drive high-tech development in Hebei Province to good effect. Tangshan city is a traditional industrial city, in the coal, iron and steel industry with strong competitiveness, by undertaking the capital iron and steel transfer of the relocation project, making the original iron and steel industrial strength has been greatly enhanced, forming coal, iron and steel, port integration business model, driven by rapid economic development, which is the important achievement of cooperation in Beijing and Hebei. In addition, Beijing City, plans to carry out the adjustment of the steel industry, to expand the relocation of 5 projects in different places, while a number of key projects have been launched relocation.

Cooperation of ecological protection: Beijing, Tianjin is a fusion of ecosystems, either side of the not involved or not as a result of Beijing, Tianjin and the ecological environment will continue to deteriorate. To improve the ecological system in Beijing, Tianjin, third party after the consultation proposed expansion of forests, lakes, wetlands and other key projects, and vigorously promote the repair project of whole landscape Hayashida lake, Beijing, Tianjin and a good ecological environment to build, improve air quality, development of Tianjin supporting a world-class city group construction. Beijing city has launched a million acres of afforestation project, Tianjin City, as soon as possible to adjust the layout of land use, increase the ecological land use plan.

3. Present situation and problems of rural construction

3.1. Analysis of the current situation of rural construction

The villages in the plain area of central and southern Hebei province cover an area of large, the eastern coastal areas, the dam on the plateau and hilly area of the village area is less. Among them, the central and Southern Plains region, including Langfang, Hengshui and Baoding, Shijiazhuang, Cangzhou, Xingtai, Handan, the majority of 5 regions, involving a total of 110 counties (districts). The area is rural residents in Hebei province concentrated distribution area, the village land area of the total land area of 9.46%, the village land accounted for 65% of the total area of the village land; hilly area accounts for about 52% of the total land area of the province, the village land area of the total land area of 2.58%, accounting for the village land the village for 26% of the total area; Bashang plateau area west of Zhangjiakou city Zhangbei, Shangyi County, Guyuan County in use, Fengning County, East Weichang County of Chengde City, the village land area of the total land area of 1.85%, the village land village land accounted for 3% of the total area of 16; the coastal plain areas including Tangshan, Qinhuangdao, Cangzhou city District, the area of the village land area of the total land area of 6.1%, the village land accounted for 6% of the total area of the village land. Most traditional rural structure and residential morphology is a self-sufficient agricultural economy foundation, so traditional farming methods of dispersion characteristics, determines the whole village structure and settlement distribution of dispersion. Most of the natural villages, scattered, dispersed distribution, comparison. And since the past the lack of unified planning villagers arbitrarily chosen building, family workshops and small factories and housing cross layout, structure of chaos, seize every opportunity of building is very common.

Scattered layout of rural residential and also includes the new houses are mostly concentrated in the area outside the village and traffic, the environment is good, including part of the cultivated land and farmland, the corresponding is idle in the village a large number of houses and land. On the basis of the investigation and analysis of the 30 villages and towns, 210 villages were collected for statistical analysis to obtain the composition of the residential land use, see table 1.

Rural residential construction land accounted for 77.6% of the rural construction land, the proportion is too high. Survey, there is a certain proportion of the residential land idle land and unused land, is one of the causes of rural residential land per capita is one of the reasons, the village consolidation and transformation in order to cause enough attention. In the survey found that the majority of the village is basically only residential functions and small-scale commercial retail outlets, not on cultural entertainment, production and service facilities, to the farmers' production and life to bring greater inconvenience. Therefore, to attach great importance to in the village public facilities such as villagers activity center, medical health service center, cultural center, educational facilities, business services and other land use layout, also equipped with electric power, telecommunications, drainage, disaster prevention system and the basic infrastructure, the quality and appearance of these public buildings form the style of the new rural modernization.

3.2. Problems existing in the use of rural land

Extensive land use, low intensive: China's laws and regulations of the land belonging to the village collective, farmers free use, not transferable. This free use of the system in the homestead to protect the interests of farmers at the same time, it also brings some problems. Because of the free use of the rural homestead, resulting in a large number of idle land in rural areas. And the idle type variety, built a new house without dismantling the old idle, old curtilage base excess, inherit the land idle, moved out of the residential land idle, reserves up for grabs homestead idle type etc. various types. Can be seen from the statistical data, the city's rural construction land per capita is very large, more than 150 square meters / person's national standard a lot higher. The construction land area of the village is large and the land use is not reasonable, thus increasing the necessity and urgency of the study of the rural land use pattern.

Lack of overall planning: Due to the conditions and the factors affected, long-term since the planning of rural residents has not caused enough attention, rural residents basically is formed naturally and self development in the disordered state, led to the vast majority of rural residential layout is not reasonable. Such as plain area of a large number of strip settlements, the presence of a large number of mountainous and hilly areas, to the construction and management has brought great difficulty. At the same time, the existing land use overall planning or town planning is usually considered in urban builtup area of land and planning of villages and towns seldom mentioned, even has been prepared by the town planning of villages, the implementation of planning measures the intensity is not enough, resulting in villages, houses location is selected at random and mostly in the outer edge of the village road built. The old homestead is used to store sundries or poultry or idle. The extension of this extension of rural residential areas, ignoring the potential of the existing residential land excavation, leading to the "hollow village" phenomenon is more common.

Function is not complete, the living environment is poor: Statistics show that Hebei Province, 87.2% of the village through the tap water, 98.5% of the village through the car, and 98.1% of the village turned on the phone, 99.9% power, and 38.4% have cable TV. But the village internal function is not perfect, sampling survey results show that inside the village in Hebei Province there are about Village commercial facilities accounted for only 30%, less than 20% of village banks, clinics and other public facilities, parks, squares and other sports facilities to less than 1%. At the same time, rural internal function zoning confusion, mixed and livestock, random discharge of garbage, sewage, village within the dirty, chaotic, and poor phenomenon exists generally, rural environment in urgent need of improvement.

The problem of dual land use has become increasingly prominent: In the process of urbanization, a large number of rural populations into cities and towns, the scope of urban land expanding, however, the rural residential land not only has not reduced, but also increased. Rural population reduces the number and rural residential land area increased the characteristics of this contradiction, mainly for farmers the land but not the homeland ". Rural residents into urban and rural homes are difficult to be removed, curtilage base cannot retreat house is cultivated ", namely rural residents after the city while living in the town, while maintaining a rural idle homestead, rural per capita area level seriously overweight. This common "double floor" or even "multiple covers an area of land" phenomenon, resulting in serious waste of land idles, reducing the efficiency of rural residential land use. In addition, the use of the rural homestead almost free, more drama of this contradiction.

4. Measures to optimize the pattern of rural land use

In recent years, the level of urbanization has been improved, but the area of urban construction land has increased significantly, while the rural residential land has not been reduced as expected. Extensive situation of rural construction land is further intensified. Gradually deepening and improving the "policy of urban and rural areas", and vigorously promote the construction of new rural areas is an important way of saving and intensive land use, but also the objective need to co-ordinate the development of urban and rural areas.

4.1. Implementation of urban and rural policy

On the basis of land use planning to determine the overall planning of land use zoning, in accordance with the requirements of land intensive use, take science and engineering technologies, through several proposed reclamation of cultivated land of rural construction land, and for urban construction jointly built with open new old project area, by building new demolition and land reclamation, and ultimately the district project construction land not to increase the total amount, arable land area is not reduced, quality is not reduced, layout more reasonable land consolidation. Linked to the implementation of the policy, to promote the healthy development of urbanization is of great significance. On the one hand, through the construction of rural land, will effectively promote the "industrial projects to the park focused, farmers in the village to the town and the center focus, land to the scale of the concentrated"; on the other hand, in order to get the new land area, equivalent replacement to urban construction area, for the development of the urban construction expand the space. The implementation of the linked policy is conducive to the optimization of land use structure, improve the degree of land intensification. Through the implementation of pegging policy will effectively integrate the rural construction land, change the past scattered layout structure "scattered, large, chaotic, and poor" situation, forming agglomeration economies and economies of scale, improve the degree of intensive land use.

The linked policy is conducive to the protection of land resources and the implementation of land use planning. At this stage, with the rapid development of economy, the contradiction between supply and demand in some areas is becoming more and more prominent in some areas. Implementation of urban and rural pegging policy can not only expand urban construction space, and can effectively alleviate the construction land expansion of agricultural land pressure, for the realization of land use planning to determine the overall goal, to solve the problem of supply and demand contradiction of land use opens up a new way.

4.2. Develop collective land and housing transfer policy

Farmer's collective construction land is an important part of the collective property of farmers. The implementation of collective construction land transfer, not only can improve the land use efficiency, accelerate the development of rural economy, but also conducive to the correct handling of the interests between the state and farmers. The circulation of rural collective construction land can reduce the cost of the development of rural economy. According to the current law, enterprises need to be levied by the state after the transfer of the way to get, but its cost is often higher than the purchase or lease of rural collective construction land costs. Township enterprises can greatly reduce the cost of rural development by the direct use of collective land transfer mode. The circulation of rural collective construction land can provide some funds for the development of rural economy. Through the transfer and rental of factories, shops, residential, that is, the transfer of rural collective construction land, rental, can provide a better economic basis for the development of enterprises. In addition, the collective land transfer can also enable farmers to obtain the transfer of gold or rent, improve the living standards and promote their own development. The circulation of rural collective construction land can reduce the occupation of farmland. The basic goal of the land supply system is to protect the cultivated land, and promote the rational use of land. Rural collective construction land can make original bankrupt enterprises or on the verge of bankruptcy idle or inefficient use of land, and land idle housing residents to get to revitalize the use. This method not only can reduce urban construction of cultivated land occupied, and can promote the land reasonable use.

4.3. Establishing the market mechanism of rural demolition and relocation

With the accelerated urbanization process, the state of collective land requisition strength is more and more big, housing demolition on collective land more and more, caused by the contradiction have become increasingly prominent, farmers to reflect the demolition petition unabated, serious incidents and damage the interests of the farmers. In promote land acquisition removal in the process of urbanization is a very important preparatory work, directly related to the interests of the state, the collective and the individual, related to social stability and political stability and the overall situation, the contradiction of land acquisition demolition has endanger the rural social stability and economic development is the difficulty of social hot spots and the work of the government. So far, there is no law to regulate the behavior of house demolition, only a State Council promulgated the special administrative regulations for urban residents. For a long time, the rural house demolition in the lawless state, the private property rights of farmers housing, has been taken to ignore or laissez faire attitude, in the visible to the laws and regulations, house was only included in the "attachment" seriously confused the private nature of the farmers' land collective ownership nature and housing.

4.4. Making short, medium and long term construction plans

Rural land use planning is the specific practice of planning the urban and rural development in the field of planning, the status of rural planning and construction as well as the relevant economic and social basis is the key factor to influence the planning and implementation. In addition, from the point of view of the planning process to explore the coordination planning principle and the reality of the rural area and by difficulties in planning practice feedback timely change planning thinking, is of important significance to develop practical planning and corresponding implementation strategy, and ultimately, to improve planning efficiency. Rural area has long been a relatively free economy and way of life, to the household contract responsibility system and the family business is based on the mode of production and organization, to village small collective interests and individual farmers interests center unhealthy prevailed, lack of co-ordination with the overall point of view. Planning is a kind of expectation to the future development, it is necessary to have some ideal of beyond reality. However, beyond the reality of the planning must also have the reality of acceptability, the practice of maneuverability, can be called real life of the planning. Therefore, the planning on the one hand, there is a certain guide, on the other hand, there should be practical to promote the timing and planning of the implementation of the arrangements.

5. Conclusion

The construction and development of rural areas is the key to the social harmony and stability in the future, and the new rural land use model is the direct control means to guide the rural land use. Due to the current domestic system to carry out rural land use pattern research is little, even if carried out some research, most are limited to land use of natural, geographical differences, on the concept and connotation, research methods, difference is very big, so the lack of comprehensive and systematic research ideas. Land use is a kind of social economic behavior of human society, it not only depends on the difference of natural conditions, but also because of the difference of economic and social development. So according to the needs of human life and social development, according to the land of the characteristic and economic location to division of land use pattern, and thus reasonable exploitation of land, use and transformation, it is to reflect the land use of the social and economic characteristics.

This study in Beijing, Tianjin and new rural construction land use existing problems, you can see the obvious contradiction between supply and demand of land, the lack of arable land reserve resources to complete balance of arable land, industrial land generally extensive etc. phenomenon has been highlighted, also in Beijing, Tianjin and coordinated development of the names of the blind expansion of scale and occupy land signs of sexual orientation issues, easy to cause new illegal use behavior, suggested a high degree of attention, and prevention. New rural land use model is a complex systematic project, which should be continuously improved with the development of economy and society. In the process of research and application of the actual, planners and policy makers need to continue to explore, constantly sum up experience and lessons, constantly absorbing advanced scientific theories, and constantly updated model, out of a road of sustainable development from practice.

Acknowledgement

This study is supported by project as "Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei cultivated land resources utilization and protection: regional synergy and overall urban-rural development" (No.16457511D).

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