传统的放疗和化疗对晚期恶性实体瘤的疗效很不让人满意,抗血管生成治疗是比较有前途的新的抗癌疗法,用小分子药物和内源性血管生成抑制因子直接抑制血管内皮细胞增殖和迁移被认为是抑制血管生成的主要机制[1]。血管抑素是最早得到的由肿瘤诱导产生的内源性血管生成抑制物,全身性运用血管抑素会引起肿瘤微血管密度下降,凋亡指数增加,它可作用于内皮细胞的胞外信号调节激酶ERK和其它磷酸化蛋白,通过使其暂时脱磷酸化来抑制bFGF和VEGF[2]。目前对血管抑素正在进行更进一步的临床试验,但生产成本高,费用昂贵。苦参碱(Matrine, Mat)是中国传统中药槐根的主要生物碱成分之一,药源广泛。研究表明苦参碱能够有效抑制肿瘤细胞生长,诱导肿瘤细胞分化、凋亡[3,4]。然而,对于苦参碱是否具有抗肺癌等恶性肿瘤血管生成的作用及其机制如何,目前仍不明确。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶/细胞外调节蛋白激酶(Motigen-activated proteinkinase/extracelluar regulated protein kinase, MAPK/ERK)信号通路是细胞存活的重要通路,可以被血管生成刺激因子激活并导致内皮细胞增殖、分化及存活等[5,6]。本研究通过观察苦参碱及ERK特异性抑制剂PD98059对肺腺癌A549细胞条件培养基(A549 human lung cancer cells conditioned medium, A549CM)诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical veins endothelial cells, HUVECs)增殖、迁移及磷酸化ERK(p-ERK)表达的影响,探讨苦参碱抗肺癌血管生成的可能机制。
1 材料与方法
1.1 主要试剂及其配制
胎牛血清(FCS,Gibco公司),DMEM/F-12培养基(Gibco公司),碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF,Sigma公司),兔抗人vWF单克隆抗体(Sigma公司),ERK及Phospho-ERK多克隆抗体(Cell Signaling Technology公司),β-actin单克隆抗体(北京中山公司),碱性磷酸酶标记的二抗(北京中山公司),苦参碱(北京双鹭药业,生产批号为20070301,采取下述方法收集的A549CM配置成50 mg/mL储存液,-20 ℃保存备用),PD98059(简称PD,Sigma公司)用二甲亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO)溶解后配成10 mmol/mL的终浓度-20 ℃保存备用。经过预实验及量效曲线选定Mat工作浓度为0.5 mg/mL(用于增殖实验和Western Blot分析)及0.25 mg/mL(用于迁移实验),PD工作浓度为20 μmol/L。
1.2 细胞培养
人脐静脉内皮细胞原代培养及鉴定:取新鲜的健康人脐静脉15 cm-20 cm,用0.1%胶原酶和0.125%胰酶的混合液(1:4)消化血管内皮细胞,所得的细胞悬液用含20%FCS和bFGF(终浓度为4 ng/mL)的DMEM/F-12培养基(9 cm培养皿)在37 ℃、5%CO2培养箱中培养,约5 d-7 d长至融合状态。用兔抗人vWF进行免疫细胞化学检测,vWF阳性着色率达到95%以上,2-6代用于实验。
A549细胞培养及条件培养基收集:高转移人肺腺癌A549细胞系由本实验室保存,在含有10%FCS的DMEM/F-12培养基中培养。待细胞至60%左右融合时,无血清DMEM/F-12培养基饥饿24 h后,改用含5%FCS的DMEM/F-12培养基继续培养24 h,收集上清,离心、0.22 μm滤膜过滤后,即为A549条件培养基(A549CM),-80 ℃保存备用。
1.3 实验分组
对照组(control组)用含5%FCS的DMEM/F-12培养基;DMSO组在5%FCS的DMEM/F-12培养基中加DMSO(2 μL);A549CM组以A549CM培养;A549CM+Mat组在A549CM中加Mat;A549CM+PD组在A549CM中加PD98059。
1.4 细胞计数
取对数生长期的HUVECs以2×105个/孔种到6孔板中(2 mL细胞悬液/孔),用含20%FCS和终浓度为4 ng/mL bFGF的DMEM/F-12培养基培养,待细胞长至70%左右时,含5%FCS的DMEM/F-12同步化6 h,对照组换液为5%FCS的DMEM/F-12,实验组改为不含和含有0.5 mg/mL Mat及20 μmol/L PD的A549CM继续培养36 h后,设定时间点胰酶消化法收集细胞并用常规方法进行细胞计数,每孔制成细胞悬液体积均为5 mL,最后按下式计算:细胞数/mL=4大格细胞总数/4×104。
1.5 细胞划痕损伤实验
各组长满融合的HUVECs经过含5%FCS的DMEM/F-12培养基同步化6 h后,用无菌10 μL的加样枪头在其培养板中划一直线,宽约0.8 mm,形成无细胞的裸露区域,经预热的含5%FCS DMEM/F-12培养基洗净刮掉的细胞,对照组换液为含5%FCS的DMEM/F-12,其它各组改为不含或含有0.25 mg/mL Mat或20 μmol/L PD的A549CM,分别在孵育0 h、24 h时倒置显微镜下观察各组细胞迁移情况,并采集图像,测定各组各时间点细胞裸露区域的间距,比较裸露间距(ditance of exposure)差异,间距越短代表迁移越多。
1.6 Western Blot分析
干预HUVECs后24 h,吸掉6孔板中的培养液,用冰PBS液洗2次;加入含有蛋白酶抑制剂的细胞裂解液,在尽可能短的时间用100 μL的枪头刮下细胞;将裂解的HUVECs收集到1.5 mL EP管中,冰上继续裂解30 min,不时振荡以使细胞裂解充分;12 000 rpm离心15 min后小心吸取上清移至新EP管;紫外分光光度计测定细胞蛋白浓度。10%的SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分离蛋白,电流设定为18 mA(浓缩胶)、22 mA(分离胶),蛋白上样量30 μg,半干式电转仪转膜60 min,电压15 V;含5%脱脂奶粉的TBST(Tris-Buffered Saline Tween-20)室温封闭2 h;用含5%脱脂奶粉的TBST稀释ERK、p-ERK抗体(兔抗,1:1 000)及β-actin抗体(兔抗,1:500)。4 ℃于湿盒中反应过夜;用1×TBST洗膜3次,每次8 min,二抗(碱性磷酸酶标记羊抗兔IgG)用5%脱脂奶粉的TBST按1:500稀释后室温反应2 h;1×TBST洗3次,每次8 min;加NBT/BCIP显色液膜上显色,适时终止;扫描后使用BIORAD公司一维分析软件Quantity One进行图像灰度分析。
1.7 统计学方法
每个实验独立重复3次,各组实验数据以Mean±SD表示,采用SPSS 11.0数据包进行处理,多组间差异首先应用单因素方差分析,LSD法进行组间两两比较。P< 005为有统计学差异。
2 结果
2.1 苦参碱及PD98059对HUVECs增殖的影响
A549CM干预后12 h-36 h,刺激了HUVECs增殖,24 h差别最明显,细胞计数A549CM组(8.63±0.74)×104个/mL,明显多于对照组(3.60±0.26)×104个/mL(P< 001)。这种效应能被苦参碱或PD抑制,与A549CM组比较,24 h时Mat组细胞计数为(5.06±0.55)×104/mL(P< 001),PD组为(5.63±0.15)×104/mL(P< 001),Mat组和PD组无明显差异(P=0.15),PD溶剂DMSO对HUVECs细胞计数则无影响(各时间点DMSO组与对照组比较,P> 0.05)(图1)。
2.2 苦参碱及PD98059对HUVECs迁移的影响
图2A显示细胞迁移的形态,图2B显示各组0 h,24 h的裸露间距(单位:mm)。在干预24 h含5%FCS组(Control组)及DMSO组细胞基本不迁移(与0 h比较, P> 0.05),而其他各组均有不同程度迁移。在A549CM处理后24 h,裸露间距分别为Control组(0.80±0.02)mm, A549CM组(0.19±0.03)mm,两组比较P< 001,说明A549CM明显促进HUVECs的迁移;A549CM+Mat组裸露间距(0.56±0.01)mm(与A549CM组比较,P< 001), A549CM+PD组裸露间距(0.22±0.01)mm(与A549CM组比较,P=0.0552),提示Mat抑制A549CM诱导的HUVECs迁移,PD则无抑制作用。PD溶剂DMSO对HUVECs迁移无影响(DMSO组与Control组比较,P=0.6400)。
2.3 Mat与PD98059对A549CM培养的HUVECs ERK、p-ERK表达的影响
干预24 h后,Western Blot分析显示p-ERK/β-actin:Control组0.59±0.04,A549CM组0.88±0.02,两组比较P=0.0002,提示A549CM明显促进HUVECs的p-ERK表达;A549CM+Mat组0.60±0.09 (与A549CM组比较P=0.0002),A549CM+PD组0.33±0.08(与A549CM组比较P< 001),DMSO组0.55±0.03(与对照组比较,P=0.4357),说明PD溶剂DMSO对p-ERK表达无影响,Mat与PD均明显抑制A549CM诱导HUVECs 的p-ERK表达。各处理组对总ERK表达无明显影响(与对照组比较均为P> 0.05)(图3)。
图 1 细胞计数显示苦参碱及PD98059对HUVECs增殖的影响 A549CM显著促进HUVECs增殖, Mat及PD均能明显抑制A549CM诱导的HUVECs增殖. *P [ less than ] 0. 01 vs control, #P [ less than ] 0 .01 vs A549CM. Fig 1 Effects of Mat or PD on the proliferation of HUVECs induced by A549CM A549CM significantly stimulated the proliferation of HUVECs compared with the control group. Compared with the A549CM group, Mat or PD suppressed the cell proliferation respectively. *P [ less than ] 0. 01 vs control, #P [ less than ] 0 .01 vs A549CM.
图 2 苦参碱及PD98059对HUVECs迁移的影响 A:不同干预条件下, HUVECs在划痕损伤0 h及24 h迁移的状态 (×100) ;B:显示HUVECs在划痕损伤0 h及24 h的裸露距离. 在划痕损伤24 h, A549CM明显促进HUVECs迁移, Mat可以抑制A549CM诱导的细胞迁移, 而PD则无抑制作用. *P [ less than ] 0.01 vs control, #P [ less than ] 0 .01 vs A549CM. Fig 2 Effects of Mat or PD on the migration of HUVECs induced by A549CM A: A microscope photography of migration of HUVECs induced by A549CM with different interventions; B: The migration of HUVECs was enhanced by A549CM, but decreased by Mat significantly. PD had no effect on the migration of HUVECs induced by A549CM. *P [ less than ] 0.01 vs control, #P [ less than ] 0.01 vs A549CM.
图 3 Mat及PD98059对A549CM培养的HUVECs 磷酸化ERK (p-ERK) 表达的影响 A:Western Blot显示Mat及PD作用于A549CM诱导的HUVECs 24 h后p-ERK的表达;B:显示干预后24 h对A549CM显著促进HUVECs的p-ERK表达, Mat与PD均能明显抑制A549CM诱导HUVECs的p-ERK表达. *P [ less than ] 0.01 vs control, #P [ less than ] 0.01 vs A549CM. Fig 3 Effects of Mat and PD on the expression of p-ERK in HUVECs cultured with A549CM A: Protein levels of ERK and p-ERK were analyzed by Western Blot with anti-ERK and anti-p-ERK antibody. A single graph from three independent experiments is shown. Blots were then subjected to densitometric analysis; B: The A549CM significantly stimulated the expression of p-ERK of HUVECs compared with the control group. Compared with the A549CM group, Mat and PD impaired significantly expression of p-ERK. *P [ less than ] 0. 01 vs control, #P [ less than ] 0 .01 vs A549CM.
3 讨论
肿瘤诱导新生血管形成,新生血管进一步刺激肿瘤生长和转移[7]。对于体外培养的HUVECs,血清和生长因子对其生长都是必不可少的,如果没有血清,体外培养的HUVECs就不能贴壁和铺展,如果缺乏生长因子,细胞则不能分裂。为了模拟体内肿瘤血管生成环境,肿瘤细胞条件培养基已经广泛用于体外血管生成实验研究中。不同条件下培养和收集的A549条件培养基会产生不同的结果。Ye等[8]把A549细胞用无血清培养液(DMEM)孵育72 h收集上清液作为A549条件培养基,此培养基抑制血管内皮细胞存活并诱导其凋亡,推测此培养基中抑制细胞生长的因子占优势。而在我们近期的研究中,A549条件培养基是把A549细胞无血清培养液饥饿24 h后,再用含5%血清的DMEN/F-12孵育24 h并收集上清而成,这种条件培养基则能促进血管内皮细胞迁移和增殖并抑制其凋亡[9,10]。提示这种方法制备的A549条件培养基刺激细胞生长的因子占优势。这为了解苦参碱有无抗肿瘤血管生成奠定了基础。
苦参碱(分子式:C15H21N2O,分子量:248.37)具有广泛的药理活性,其抗肿瘤作用已引起人们的关注。研究表明苦参碱呈浓度依赖性抑制肺腺癌A549细胞的增殖,可能与增强PinX1mRNA的表达[11]、降低端粒酶的活性有关[12]。但苦参碱对于血管内皮细胞的影响和作用机制,目前研究不多。本实验发现苦参碱尚能抑制A549条件培养基诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞增殖和迁移。这说明苦参碱不仅直接抑制肺腺癌A549细胞的生长,还可能对肺腺癌新生血管形成产生阻抑。MAPK/ERK信号通路在各种血管生成因子刺激内皮细胞中被激活,而其激活的结果主要是促进血管内皮细胞的增殖[13,14]。本实验中,苦参碱干预由A549条件培养基培养的HUVECs,细胞增殖及ERK磷酸化显著受抑,与ERK抑制剂PD98059的作用一致,提示苦参碱通过抑制MAPK/ERK信号通路中的关键信号分子ERK的磷酸化而抑制肿瘤环境下HUVECs的增殖过程。本结果还显示苦参碱能抑制A549条件培养基诱导的HUVECs迁移,而PD98059对A549条件培养基诱导的HUVECs迁移无明显抑制作用,这说明苦参碱对A549条件培养基诱导的脐静脉内皮细胞增殖和迁移的抑制机制是不同的,苦参碱对A549条件培养基诱导的HUVECs迁移的抑制作用与MAPK/ERK信号通路受阻无关,可能有其他信号通路参与。
综上所述,苦参碱对肺癌的作用是多方面的,本实验证实苦参碱具有抗肺腺癌血管生成的价值,抑制MAPK/ERK信号传导通路可能是苦参碱抗肺腺癌血管生成的部分机制。这为临床应用苦参碱治疗肺癌提供了实验依据。
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1Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Science and Technology University, Wuhan 430030, China; 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, 3Department of Obstetrics, Taihe Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Yunyang Medical College, Shiyan 442000, China
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Abstract
背景与目的 苦参碱是中国传统中药槐根的主要生物碱成分之一,具有抗炎、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导肿瘤细胞分化和凋亡等作用。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶/细胞外调节蛋白激酶(Motigen-activated proteinkinase/extracelluar regulated protein kinase, MAPK/ERK)级联通路是血管内皮细胞信号转导的重要途径。本研究目的是探讨苦参碱(Matrine, Mat)和MAPK/ERK信号转导通路在抑制肺腺癌A549细胞条件培养基(A549 human lung cancer cells conditioned medium, A549CM)诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical veins endothelial cells, HUVECs)增殖和迁移中的作用。方法 应用Mat与MAPK/ERK特异性抑制剂PD98059(PD)处理A549CM培养的HUVECs,采用细胞计数、划痕损伤实验和Western Blot技术,观察Mat、PD98059对A549CM诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞增殖、迁移及磷酸化ERK(p-ERK)表达的影响。结果 干预后24 h,与对照组相比,A549CM显著促进HUVECs增殖、迁移及p-ERK的表达。与A549CM组相比,Mat能明显抑制A549CM诱导的HUVECs增殖和迁移及p-ERK的表达;PD98059可以抑制HUVECs增殖及p-ERK表达,而对迁移没有作用。结论 Mat和PD98059均能有效抑制A549CM诱导的HUVECs增殖和p-ERK表达,Mat还能抑制A549CM诱导的HUVECs迁移,而PD98059对A549CM诱导的HUVECs迁移没有影响,提示抑制MAPK/ERK信号传导通路可能是苦参碱抗肺癌血管生成的部分机制。
Background and objective Matrine, one of the major alkaloid components of the traditional Chinese medicine Sophora roots, has a wide range of pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory activities, growth inhibition and induction of cell differentiation and apoptosis. Motigen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) has found to be a crucial signaling pathway in endothelial cells. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Matrine and MAPK/ERK signal transduction in the inhibition of the proliferation and migration of human umbilical veins endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by lung cancer cells. Methods HUVECs were cultured with A549CM. Mat or PD98059 (i.e PD), specific inhibitor of MAPK/ERK, was added into the A549CM. The proliferation of the HUVECs was measured by cell counting. The migration of the HUVECs was observed by wound healing assay. The expression levels of ERK and p-ERK protein were detected by Western Blot analysis. Results On 24 hours after intervention, the A549CM significantly stimulated the proliferation, migration and expression of p-ERK of HUVECs. Compared with the A549CM group, Mat significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and p-ERK expression of HUVECs induced by A549CM. While PD only decreased the proliferation and p-ERK expression of HUVECs induced by A549CM. PD had no effect in the migration of HUVECs. Conclusion The results demonstrated that Mat and PD98059 can effectively decrease proliferation and expression of p-ERK of HUVECs induced by A549CM. Furthermore Mat can also inhibit migration of HUVECs induced by A549CM that did not changed by PD98059. These data implied that suppressing MAPK/ERK signal transduction may play the crucial role in resisting lung cacinoma angiogenesis with Mat.
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