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Summary
The term `pilot studies' refers to mini versions of a full-scale study (also called 'feasibility' studies), as well as the specific pre-testing of a particular research instrument such as a questionnaire or interview schedule. Pilot studies are a crucial element of a good study design. Conducting a pilot study does not guarantee success in the main study, but it does increase the likelihood of success. Pilot studies fulfil a range of important functions and can provide valuable insights for other researchers. There is a need for more discussion among researchers of both the process and outcomes of pilot studies.
Key words
* Interviews and interviewing
* Research methods
These key words are based on the subject headings from the British Nursing Index. This article has been subject to double-blind review.
THE TERM 'PILOT study' is used in two different ways in social science research. It can refer to so-called feasibility studies, which are 'small scale version[s], or trial run[s], done in preparation for the major study' (Polit et al 2001). A pilot study can also be the pre-testing or 'trying out' of a particular research instrument (Baker 1994). One of the advantages of conducting a pilot study is that it can give advance warning about where the main research project could fail, where research protocols might not be followed, or whether proposed methods or instruments are inappropriate or too complicated. In the words of De Vaus (1993): 'Do not take the risk. Pilot test first.' These are important reasons for undertaking a pilot study, but there are additional reasons, such as convincing funding bodies that your research proposal is worth funding. Thus pilot studies are conducted for a range of different reasons (Box 1).
Pilot studies can be based on quantitative and/or qualitative methods and large-scale studies might employ a number of pilot studies before the main survey is conducted. Therefore, researchers might start with 'qualitative data collection and analysis on a relatively unexplored topic, using the results to design a subsequent quantitative phase of the study' (Tashakkori and Teddlie 1998).
The first phase of a pilot might involve using indepth interviews or focus groups to establish the issues to be addressed in a large-scale questionnaire survey. Next the...